Recreation and terrain effect on the spatial variation of the apparent soil electrical conductivity in an urban park

Опис

Recreation is an important cultural ecosystem service and is able to significantly affect soil heterogeneity and vegetation func-
tioning. This study investigated the role of the relief and tree stand density in the apparent soil electrical conductivity variation within
an urban park. The most suitable variogram models were assessed to evaluate the autocorrelation of the regression models. The map
of the spatial variability of apparent soil electrical conductivity was built on the basis of the most suitable variogram. The experimen-
tal polygon was located in the Botanical Garden of Oles Honchar Dnipro National University (Dnipro City, Ukraine). The experi-
mental polygon was formed by a quasi-regular grid of measurement locations located about 30 m apart. The measurements of the
apparent electrical conductivity of the soil in situ were made in May 2018 at 163 points. On average, the value of soil apparent elec-
tric conductivity within the investigated polygon was 0.55 dSm/m and varied within 0.17–1.10 dSm/m. Such environment predictors
as tree stand density, relief altitude, topographic wetness index, and potential of relief to erosion were able to explain 48% of the
observed variability of soil electrical conductivity. The relief altitude had the greatest influence on the variation of soil electrical con-
ductivity, which was indicated with the highest values of beta regression coefficients. The most important trend of the electric con-
ductivity variation was due to the influence of relief altitude and this dependence was nonlinear. The smallest values of the soil elec-
trical conductivity were recorded in the highest and in lowest relief positions, and the largest values were detected in the relief slope.
Recreational load can also be explained by the geomorphology predictors and tree stand density data. These predictors can explain
32% of the variation of recreational load. The variogram was built both for the soil apparent electrical conductivity dataset and for the
residuals of the regression model. As a result of the procedure of the models’ selection on the basis of the AIC we obtained the best
estimation of the variogram models parameters for the electrical conductivity and for the regression residuals of the electrical conduc-
tivity. The level of recreation was correlated statistically significantly with the apparent soil electrical conductivity. The residuals of
regression models in which geomorphological indicators and tree stand density were used as predictors have a higher correlation
level than the original variables. The soil electrical conductivity may be a sensitive indicator of the recreation load.
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